Input Device Dialogue

The choice of an appropriate input device for a product is often based on both the type of device being used and the target market for that device. For instance, a device targeted to college students and one targeted to older individuals may use different input methods. Suppose that you are developing a device to be used primarily for Internet access that will be marketed to senior citizens. What type of hardware would you select as the primary input device? Why? What are the advantages and disadvantages of your selected input device? How could the disadvantages be minimized? What are other groups that have special technology needs? As future technology developers and innovators, do we have a responsibility to ensure technology is accessible to all groups? Incorporate Christian scripture and faith in your post and provide technical depth to all of your responses.

Chapter 3 Storage

© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

Learning Objectives

• Name several general characteristics of storage systems. • Describe the three most common types of hard drives

and what they are used for today. • Discuss the various types of optical discs available today

and how they differ from each other. • Identify some flash memory storage devices and media

and explain how they are used today. • List at least three other types of storage systems. • Summarize the storage alternatives for a typical personal

computer.

Overview

• This chapter covers: – The characteristics common among all storage systems – The primary storage for most personal computers—the

hard drive – How optical discs work and the various types that are

available today – Flash memory storage systems – Network and cloud storage, smart cards, and the storage

systems used with large computer systems – Storage alternatives for a typical personal computer

Storage System Characteristics

• A storage system consists of a storage medium and a storage device – The storage medium is the hardware where data is stored

• DVD disc, flash memory card, etc. – The storage device is the hardware into which the storage

medium is inserted • DVD drive, flash memory card reader, etc. • Can be internal, external, or remote • Storage devices are typically identified by letter

– Some storage media is removable; some is not

Examples of Storage Device Identifiers

Volatility and Random vs. Sequential Access

• Volatility – Storage media are nonvolatile and, therefore, is used for

data to be saved for later use • Random vs. sequential access

– Random access (direct access) allows data to be retrieved from any location on the storage medium

• Virtually all storage devices use random access – Sequential access means that retrieval of data can occur

only in the order in which it was physically stored on the storage medium; for example, a magnetic tape drive

Files, Filenames, and Folders

• A file is anything stored on a storage medium, such as a program, document, digital image, or song

• A filename is a name given to a file by the user • A folder is a named place on a storage medium

into which files can be stored

Logical vs. Physical Representation and Types of Storage Technologies Used

• Logical file representation – Individuals view a document stored as one complete unit

in a particular folder on a particular drive • Physical file representation

– Computers access a particular document stored on a storage medium using its physical location or locations

• Types of storage technology – Magnetic (conventional hard drives) – Optical (optical discs) – Electrons (flash memory media)

Hard Drives

• A hard drive stores most programs and data for a personal computer – Can be internal or external – Available with built-in encryption that limits access to only

authorized users

Magnetic Hard Drives

• A magnetic hard drive or hard disk drive (HDD) contains particles on the metal disks inside the drive that are magnetized to represent the data’s 0s and 1s

Magnetic Hard Drives (cont’d)

• One or more metal hard disks are permanently sealed inside the drive along with an access mechanism and read/write heads

Hard Disk Organization

• Tracks are concentric paths on the disk where data is recorded

• Sectors are small pieces of a track • Clusters consist of one or more sectors

• Smallest addressable area of a disk • Cylinders are a collection of tracks located in the same

location on a set of hard disk surfaces

Examples of Tracks, Sectors, Clusters, and Cylinders

Magnetic Hard Drive Technologies

• Traditional: Longitudinal magnetic recording aligns magnetic particles on a hard disk horizontally, parallel to the hard disk’s surface

• Newer: Perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) places bits upright and closer together to increase capacity and reliability

• Newest: Shingled magnetic recording (SMR) squeezes more data onto disks by overlapping the data tracks on them like the shingles on a roof

• Emerging: Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) uses lasers to temporarily heat the surface of the hard disks when storing data in order to store more data

How It Works

More Storage for Your Tablet • Tablets often have between

16 GB and 128 GB of storage • To extend storage, you can

transfer content to and from desktops or notebooks

• Easier to use a wireless hard drive and Wi-Fi – Download the

appropriate app The 2 TB Seagate Wireless Plus magnetic hard drive.

Inside the Industry

Data Recovery Experts • Recover data from damaged storage devices • Used when devices are physically damaged or just stop

working • It is important to back up data to prevent data loss

Data recovery. The data on this destroyed computer (left) was recovered by data recovery experts in a clean room (right).

Solid-State Drives (SSDs)

• A solid-state drive (SSD) uses flash memory technology to store data – Uses less power and has no

moving parts – Much faster than magnetic

hard drives, but more expensive

– The norm for netbooks, mobile devices, and other portable devices

Solid-State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs)

• A solid-state hybrid drive (SSHD) or hybrid drive uses a combination of magnetic disks and flash memory chips – The data that is most

directly associated with performance is stored in the flash memory

– Nearly as fast as solid-state drives (SSDs)

– Slightly more expensive than magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs)

Internal and External Hard Drives

• Internal hard drives are permanent storage devices located inside the system unit – Removed only if a problem develops

• External hard drives transport large amounts of data from one computer to another, for backup, and for additional storage – Full-sized external hard drives are often used for backup – Portable external hard drives: smaller and easier to

transport – Most connect with a USB connection, although some may

connect through wired or wireless networking connections © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 19

Examples of External Hard Drives

Hard Drive Speed and Disk Caching

• Disk access time is the total time that it takes for a hard drive to read or write data • Consists of seek time, rotational delay, and data

movement time • SSDs don’t require seek time or rotational delays

• Disk cache consists of memory used in conjunction with a magnetic hard drive to improve system performance – Typically consists of RAM-based disk cache located inside

the hard drive case – Can speed up performance and save battery life

Hard Drive Partitioning

• Partitioning divides the physical capacity of a single drive logically into separate areas, called partitions – Each partition functions as an independent hard drive – Referred to as logical drives – Increases efficiency (smaller drives use smaller clusters)

• Partitions are used to create: – A recovery partition – A new logical drive

for data – A dual boot system

Hard Drive File Systems and Interface Standards

• File system determines the partition size, cluster size, maximum drive size, and maximum file size – FAT, FAT32, and NTFS

• Interface standards determine how a drive connects to the computer

• Common standards – Serial ATA (SATA): most common internal hard drive

interface standard – Serial attached SCSI (SAS) – Fibre Channel – Internet SCSI (iSCSI)

Quick Quiz (1)

1. Of the following three options, the storage media that would likely hold the most data is a(n) __________. a. HDD b. USB flash drive c. SSD

2. True or False: SSDs are subject to mechanical failures just like magnetic hard drives.

3. The circular rings on a magnetic disk on which data is stored are called __________.

Answers: 1) a; 2) False; 3) tracks Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 24

Optical Discs

• Optical discs are thin circular plastic discs – Are read from and written to using laser beams – Are commonly used for software delivery – Divided into sectors like magnetic discs but use a single

spiral track (groove) – Have a relatively large capacity and are durable – Used for backup purposes and for storing and transporting

music, photos, video, etc.

Representing Data on an Optical Disc

• Pits and lands are used to represent 1s and 0s • The transition between a pit and a land represents a 1;

no transition represents a 0 • Read-only optical disc

– Surface of disc is molded or stamped to represent data • Recordable or rewritable disc

– The reflectivity of the disc is changed using a laser beam to represent the data

– Different types of optical discs use different types of laser beams

How Recorded Optical Discs Work

Optical Drives

• Optical discs are read by optical drives – The optical drive must support the type

of optical disc being used – Almost always backward-compatible – Recording data onto a optical disc is

called burning; requires burning software – Optical drives can be internal or external

• External drives typically connect via USB port

• External drives can be used with netbooks and other devices without an optical drive

Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities

• Standard size is 120-mm (about 4.7 inches) – Mini discs are smaller (about 3 inches)

• Theoretically can be made into various shapes, but patent battle has resulted in custom shapes not being available

• Clear background is sometimes used to make a disc look custom shaped

Advantage of Optical Discs

• Major advantage: Large capacity – CD discs are normally single layer and hold 700 MB – DVD discs hold 4.7 GB (single-layer) or 8.5 GB (dual-layer) – BD discs hold 25 GB (single-layer) or 50 GB (dual-layer) – BDXL standard uses even more layers to boost capacity up

to 128 GB – Newest BD discs are Ultra HD Blu-ray discs that hold up to

100 GB and are designed to deliver Ultra HD (4K) movies – Discs can also be double-sided

• Read on one side at a time; must be turned over to access the second side

Summary of Optical Discs

Read-Only Optical Discs: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs

• CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM discs can be written to, but not erased and reused – Pits are permanent – CD-ROM and DVD-ROM discs come prerecorded with

software, music, movies, etc. – BD-ROM discs come prerecorded with movies

• Ultra HD Blu-ray discs can be used for 4K movies – Additional proprietary read-only discs

• Gaming systems like Wii, Xbox, PlayStation, etc.

Recordable Optical Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R Discs

• CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R discs can be written to, but cannot be erased and reused – Pits are created in the disc when the disc is recorded – Most discs have a recording layer containing organic light-

sensitive dye between disc’s plastic and reflective layers • BD-R discs use inorganic material instead

– DVD-R DL and DVD+R DL are dual-layer discs – BD-R DL discs are dual-layer discs; BD-R XL use 3 or 4 layers – Used for backing up files, sending large files to others, and

storing multimedia files

Rewritable Optical Discs: CD-RW, DVD- RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs

• CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE discs can be written to, erased, and overwritten just like magnetic hard disks – Uses phase change technology

• Heating and cooling process is used to change the reflectivity of the disc

– The capacities are the same as their read-only and recordable counterparts

– Appropriate for transferring large files from one computer to another or otherwise temporarily storing data (disc can be reused)

Trend

Ultra HD (4K) • Is the next big step in high-definition

(HD) TVs and content • Four times the resolution of ordinary HD • Requires four times as much data as

regular HD video • Many Internet connections are not fast

enough to support the large amounts of data required for 4K quality

• Available for those individuals who have the speed and bandwidth to support it; also available on Ultra HD discs

An example of a 4K movie.

Quick Quiz (2)

1. The capacity of the standard DVD disc is _____. a. 50 GB b. 650 MB c. 4.7 GB

2. True or False: A DVD-RW disc can be written to and rewritten to.

3. The tiny depressions, dark areas, or otherwise altered spots on an optical disc that are used to represent data are called __________.

Answers: 1) c; 2) True; 3) pits

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 36

Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash memory is a chip-based storage medium that represents data using electrons – Used in a variety of storage systems

• Embedded flash memory refers to flash memory chips embedded into products – Smartphones, tablets, smart watches, and even sunglasses

and wristwatches – Usually the primary storage for mobile devices such as

tablets and smartphones

Examples of Embedded Flash Memory

38© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

This tablet contains 64 GB of embedded flash memory.

An embedded flash memory chip.

Flash Memory Cards and Readers

• A flash memory card is a small card containing one or more flash memory chips, a controller chip, and metal contacts to connect the card to the device or reader being used – Available in a variety of formats; these formats are not

interchangeable – Secure Digital (SD) is one of the most widely used types of flash

memory media – Most common type of storage media for digital cameras,

smartphones, and other portable devices • Many devices today have a built-in flash memory card reader;

an external reader via USB port is also used • Adapters allow the use of smaller flash memory cards in a

larger slot of the same type (microSD to SD, etc.)

Examples of Flash Memory Cards, Readers, and Adapters

Flash Memory Cards

• General-purpose flash memory card – Appropriate for most

applications • Specialized flash memory cards

– Professional flash memory cards

– Gaming flash memory cards – Encrypted flash memory cards

• Project Vault is a computer on a flash memory card

USB Flash Drives

• USB flash drives (USB drives or flash drives) consist of flash memory media integrated into a self-contained unit that plugs into and is powered by a USB port – Designed to be very small and very portable – Available in a host of formats

• Low-profile drives, custom shapes, micro drives, etc. – Can be built into a consumer product – Additional related hardware becoming available

• USB duplicator systems

Examples of USB Flash Drives

Technology and You

Tiny PCs • The size of a USB flash drive • Typically connect to a TV via an

HDMI port • May also have built-in storage and

a microSD • Capabilities vary; smart TVs can

display and stream Internet content

• The newest tiny PCs are fully functioning “computers-on-a- stick”

Intel Compute Stick

Quick Quiz (3)

1. Flash memory cards are available today in capacities up to _____. a. 64 GB b. 512 MB c. 1 TB

2. True or False: Flash memory is the primary storage for mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones.

3. The most common type of flash memory card today is the __________ card.

Answers: 1) c; 2) True; 3) SD Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 45

Other Types of Storage Systems

• Remote storage refers to using a storage device that is not connected directly to the user’s computer

• Network storage: Using a storage device via a local network – Works in much the same way as using local storage – Network attached storage (NAS) devices are high

performance storage systems connected individually to a network

– A storage area network (SAN) consist of separate network of hard drives or other storage devices that are attached to the main network

Examples of Network Storage

Cloud Storage

• Cloud storage (online storage) is accessed via the Internet – Cloud applications (Flickr, Facebook, Google Docs, etc.) – Online storage sites (Box, Dropbox, OneDrive, etc.) – Growing in importance because more and more

applications are Web-based – Increasingly used for backup purposes – Files can be synched between PC and cloud storage – Many online storage sites offer some free storage – Business cloud storage is available; businesses can also

create private clouds © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 48

Example of Cloud Storage

Smart Cards

• A smart card is a credit card-sized piece of plastic that contains some computer circuitry (processor, memory, and storage) – Stores a small amount of data (about 64 KB or less) – Commonly used to store prepaid amounts of digital cash or

personal information – Smart card readers are built into or attached to a

computer, door lock, vending machine, or other device – Some smart cards store biometric data – Use of mobile smart cards is an emerging trend

Examples of Uses for Smart Cards

Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems

• Business storage needs are growing exponentially – Digital data produced is expected to double every two

years through 2020 • A storage server contains multiple high-speed hard drives

– Larger than typical NASs – Usually contain drawers of hard drives – Typically use fast Fibre Channel or iSCSI connections – Scalable so that more hard drives can be added as needed – Can use magnetic and/or SSD drives

Example of a Large Storage Systems

RAID

• RAID (redundant arrays of independent discs) is a method of storing data on two or more hard drives that work together to record redundant copies – Used to protect critical data on large storage systems – Helps to increase fault tolerance – Different levels of RAID:

• RAID 0 = disk striping (spread files over two or more hard drives)

• RAID 1 = disk mirroring (duplicate copy) • Other levels use a combination or striping and mirror

Two Primary RAID Techniques

Newer RAID Systems

• New storage systems are easier to set up and maintain so dedicated RAID personnel are not needed – For example, the Drobo system:

• Connects to a computer or a network via a USB cable • Contains drive bays into which hard drives can be

inserted • Has capacity and status indicators – drives can be

inserted and removed as needed

Archival Storage Systems

• Data archiving is the process of identifying and moving data that is no longer actively being used from regular storage systems to a separate long-term archival storage system

• Options for data archival systems: – Large hard drives, such as a helium hard drive (10 TB) – Magnetic tape

• Typically cartridge tapes; can be tape libraries – Higher capacity, archival Blu-ray Discs that are becoming

available; so are optical jukeboxes – Cloud storage

Examples of Data Archiving Options

Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives

• Product characteristics to consider: – Speed, compatibility, storage capacity, convenience, and

portability • Each storage alternative normally involves trade-offs • Research which devices and media are most appropriate

to your personal devices • All computers need at least one convenient USB port • Mobile device users

– Fewer options for storage alternatives – Require appropriate wireless connectivity

Quick Quiz (4)

1. An online photo sharing site is an example of __________. a. RAID b. cloud storage c. holographic storage

2. True or False: Smart cards today typically hold at least 1.44 MB of data.

3. A type of sequential storage that is sometimes used today for business data archiving and in some backup systems because of its low cost per terabyte is __________.

Answers: 1) b; 2) False; 3) magnetic tape Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 15th Edition 60

Summary

• Storage Systems Characteristics • Hard drives • Optical Discs And Drives • Flash Memory Storage Systems • Other Types of Storage Systems • Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives

Chapter 3�Storage
Learning Objectives
Overview
Storage System Characteristics
Examples of Storage Device Identifiers
Volatility and Random vs. Sequential Access
Files, Filenames, and Folders
Logical vs. Physical Representation and Types of Storage Technologies Used
Hard Drives
Magnetic Hard Drives
Magnetic Hard Drives (cont’d)
Hard Disk Organization
Examples of Tracks, Sectors, Clusters, and Cylinders
Magnetic Hard Drive Technologies
How It Works
Inside the Industry
Solid-State Drives (SSDs)
Solid-State Hybrid Drives (SSHDs)
Internal and External Hard Drives
Examples of External Hard Drives
Hard Drive Speed and Disk Caching
Hard Drive Partitioning
Hard Drive File Systems and Interface Standards
Quick Quiz (1)
Optical Discs
Representing Data on an Optical Disc
How Recorded Optical Discs Work
Optical Drives
Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities
Advantage of Optical Discs
Summary of Optical Discs
Read-Only Optical Discs: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs
Recordable Optical Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R Discs
Rewritable Optical Discs: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs
Trend
Quick Quiz (2)
Flash Memory Storage Systems
Examples of Embedded Flash Memory
Flash Memory Cards and Readers
Examples of Flash Memory Cards, Readers, and Adapters
Flash Memory Cards
USB Flash Drives
Examples of USB Flash Drives
Technology and You
Quick Quiz (3)
Other Types of Storage Systems
Examples of Network Storage
Cloud Storage
Example of Cloud Storage
Smart Cards
Examples of Uses for Smart Cards
Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems
Example of a Large Storage Systems
RAID
Two Primary RAID Techniques
Newer RAID Systems
Archival Storage Systems
Examples of Data Archiving Options
Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives
Quick Quiz (4)
Summary

Chapter 4 Input and Output

Learning Objectives (1)

• Explain the purpose of a computer keyboard and the types of keyboards widely used today.

• List several different pointing devices and describe their functions.

• Describe the purposes of scanners and readers and list some types of scanners and readers in use today.

• Explain what digital cameras are and how they are used today.

• Understand the devices that can be used for audio input.

Learning Objectives (2)

• Describe the characteristics of a display device and explain some of the technologies used to display images.

• List several types of printers and explain their functions. • Identify the hardware devices typically used for audio

output.

Overview

• This chapter covers: – The most common input devices – Hardware designed for capturing data in electronic form – Audio input – Types of display devices and how they work – Types of printers and how they work – Audio output devices

Keyboards

• A keyboard is an input device used to enter characters at the location marked by the insertion point or cursor – Can be built-in, wired, or wireless – Typically contains:

• Standard alphanumeric keys • Numeric keypad • Function keys • Delete and Backspace keys • Ctrl and Alt keys • Arrow keys • Special-purpose keys

A Typical Desktop Keyboard

Keyboards for Mobile Devices

• Mobile devices often use: – Slide-out keyboard – Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard)

• Can use an external keyboard (stand-alone or built into a case)

Pointing Devices

• Pointing devices are used to: – Select and manipulate objects – Input data – Issue commands to the computer

• Common types of pointing devices: – Mouse – Pen/stylus – Devices that use touch input

Mice

• A mouse is a common pointing device that the user slides to move a pointer around the screen and clicks to make selections – Older mechanical mice use a ball – Optical or laser mice track with light – Touch mice support two-dimensional gestures – Used to start programs; open, move around, and edit

documents; draw or edit images; and more – Can be used with a variety of devices – Typically connect via a USB port or a wireless connection

Common Mice and Mouse Operations

Pens/Styluses

• A stylus is a pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen – Also called digital pen, electronic pen, or pen – Pen input is being used for:

• Photography, graphic design, animation • Industrial design, document processing, and healthcare

applications • Navigating through a document • Issuing commands • Handwritten input and drawings

Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices

• Pen input is often used with mobile devices and tablets • Can be used with desktop and portable computers if the

display screen supports it

Digital Forms

• With handwriting recognition, written text can be converted to editable typed text

• The use of digital forms is increasingly

Trend

Perceptual Computing • Users control devices with

3D gestures, voice commands, and facial expressions

• Noncontact system • Allows for full body input

and input from a slight distance away or through a glass window The Leap 3D System

Other Uses for Digital Pens

• Digital writing systems are pen-based systems that capture handwritten input as it is being written – Requires special paper with a grid of dots – Transfers handwritten input to computer

• Graphics tablets are flat, touch sensitive tablets typically connected to computer using a USB port – Also called pen tablets or digitizing devices

• Signature capture devices are used to record signatures for credit card purchases, deliveries, etc.

Examples of Digital Pens in Use

Touch Screens

• Touch screens are display devices that are touched with the finger to select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer – Common on portable computers, smartphones, and other

mobile devices – Multi-touch screens can recognize input from more than

one finger at a time – Some support both touch and pen input – Surface Hub (large multi-touch wall-mounted display) – Table PC (large computer either built into a table or

designed to be used on a table)

Examples of Touch Screens

Other Pointing Devices

• Gaming devices • Trackballs • Control buttons and

wheels • Touch pads

How It Works

Augmented Reality • Overlays computer generated

images on top of real-time images

• Today, most often with smartphones using camera input, location info, and other data

• Displays appropriate information related to images captured by the smartphone

A smartphone AR app pointing at a business district.

Quick Quiz (1)

1. Touch mice __________. a. support finger swipes and gestures b. navigate by a process called inking c. contain a scroll wheel on the top

2. True or False: With handwriting recognition, handwritten text can be converted to editable text.

3. On-screen forms that can convert handwritten text into editable typed text are called __________.

Answers: 1) a; 2) True; 3) digital forms © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 21

Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras

• Some devices capture data initially in digital form • Others capture data from source documents

– Already exist in physical form (photographs, checks, invoices, or product labels)

– Source data automation • Saves time • Increases accuracy • Utilizes scanning or

reading devices

Scanners

• A scanner (optical scanner) is an input device that captures an image of an object in digital form – Data is typically input as a single image – Can scan photos, documents, images, etc. – Types of scanners

• Flatbed scanners (scan flat objects one page at a time) • Portable scanners (scan objects while on the go) • 3D scanners (scan objects in 3D) • There are also task-specific scanners, such as receipt

and business card scanners

Examples of Scanners

Scanning Quality and Resolution

• Quality of scanned images indicated by optical resolution – Measured in number of dots per

inch (dpi) – Can often be specified when

image is scanned – Can be changed when scanned

image is edited • Higher resolution means better

quality but larger file size

Barcodes and Barcode Readers

• Barcodes are machine-readable optical codes that represent data as a set of bars

• Barcode readers are input devices that read barcodes • Types of barcodes

– Read by traditional barcode reader • Universal Product Code (UPC) • ISBN • Code 39

– Read by mobile apps • QR Codes (two-dimensional; hold much more data) • Digital watermarks (icons)

Examples of Barcodes and Digital Watermark Icons

Examples of Barcode Readers

Radio Frequency ID (RFID)

• Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a technology that stores, reads, and transmits data located in RFID tags

• RFID tags contain tiny chips and radio antennas – Can be attached to objects – Read by RFID readers

• Handheld, portal, and stationary – Tags only need to be within range of

the reader, rather than in line of sight • Used for a variety of applications

– Tracking inventory and assets – Electronic toll collection – Tracking patients in hospitals – Ticketing applications – IDs (driver licenses, U.S. passports, etc.)

Near Field Communications (NFC)

• Near Field Communications (NFC) is a short-range wireless communication standard based on RFID – Used to transfer information between smartphones or

between a smartphone and an NFC-enable reader – Used for contactless mobile payments

• Credit card or smartphone containing the NFC technology needs to be within an inch or so of the NFC- enabled payment terminal

– More appropriate than conventional RFID for mobile payments

Examples of RFID and NFC Applications

Optical Mark Readers (OMR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

• Optical mark readers (OMRs) input data from optical forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots

• Optical character recognition (OCR) recognizes text characters and converts them to electronic form as text, not images – Identifies each character and convert it to editable text – Used to process turnaround documents like monthly

bills – Read by OCR devices – Optical characters are designed to be read by OCR devices

but can still be read by humans

OMR Readers and Optical Characters

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR ) Readers

• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) is used primarily for banking to facilitate check processing – MICR readers (check scanners)

read the MICR characters printed at the bottom of checks

– Used by banks – Used by businesses to remotely

deposit checks – Individuals typically use ATMs or

mobile deposit instead

Technology and You

Mobile Payments and Digital Wallets • Digital wallets, like Apple Pay and

Google Wallet, store payment information to pay for purchases

• Mobile digital wallets are stored on mobile devices – Typically use NFC – Competing NFC readers

• Mobile payments can also be made via mobile credit card readers, mobile banking apps, or mobile payment apps (Square Cash or PayPal)

An NFC-enabled payment terminal.

Biometric Readers

• Biometric readers are used to input biometric data such as an individual’s fingerprint or voice – Can be stand-alone

readers or built into another piece of hardware

– Most often used for access control, to authorize electronic payments, and to log on to secure Web sites

Digital Cameras

• Digital cameras take pictures and records them as digital images – Can be still cameras and/or video cameras – Integrated into portable computers, smartphones, and

tablets • Digital still cameras

– Primary appeal is that images are immediately available – Camera quality is measured in megapixels – Typically use flash memory for storage – Slight delay when taking photos

Examples of Digital Still Cameras

Digital Video Cameras

• Digital video cameras – Digital camcorders, PC video cameras (PC cams, webcams) – Built-in and stand-alone cameras – Store images on digital media (flash memory, DVDs, hard

drives, etc.) • Applications

– Live video feeds and recorded video

– Surveillance – Video conferences,

phone calls, and Webinars

– Face recognition systems

Audio Input

• Audio input – The process of entering audio data into the computer

• Voice input – Inputting spoken words and converting them to digital

form via microphone or headset – Used in conjunction with sound recorder software – Speech recognition systems enable the device being used

to recognize voice input as spoken words • Can be used for dictation as well to as to issue

commands to the device – Usually incorporated into smartphones, GPS systems, and

other mobile devices

Example of a Speech Recognition System

Music Input Systems

• Music input systems input music into a computer or other device – Existing music can be input

using CDs or a Web download – For original compositions,

microphones, keyboard controllers, and guitar controllers can be used to input music

– Inputted music can be edited, saved, played, etc.

Quick Quiz (2)

1. Which technology is used primarily by the banking industry to facilitate check processing? a. OCR b. MICR c. OMR

2. True or False: One disadvantage of digital cameras is the slight delay between when the user presses the button and when the camera takes the photo.

3. A voice input system typically requires software and a(n) __________ in order to input voice data or commands into a computer.

Answers: 1) b; 2) True; 3) microphone © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43

Display Devices

• Display devices present output visually on some type of screen – Monitors are display devices typically used with a desktop

computer – Display screens are built into a variety of devices

• Notebook and other portable computers • Smartphones and mobile devices • Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment

devices, kitchen appliances • Digital photo frames, e-book readers, smart watches • Digital signage systems, digital billboards

Examples of Display Devices

Display Device Characteristics

• Color vs. monochrome displays – Images are formed using pixels – Most displays today are color displays

• CRT vs. flat-panel displays – Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays: large, bulky, and heavy – Flat-panel displays: take up less desk space; use less power

Size, Aspect Ratio, and Screen Resolution

• Size and aspect ratio – Device size measured diagonally from corner to corner – Wide variety of sizes available – Most are wide-screen displays (16:9 aspect ratio)

• Screen resolution – The number of pixels used on a display determines its

resolution – Affects the amount of information that can be displayed

on the screen at one time – Can be changed to match users’ preference

Video Adapters, Interfaces, and Ports

• Video cards determine the graphic capabilities of a computer

• VGA, DVI, and HDMI are the three most common interfaces to connect monitors to a computer

• Ports exposed in the system unit cases connect monitors to computers – Newer option is to use USB

ports

Example of a Video Card

Wired, Wireless, and High-Definition Displays

• Wired vs. wireless displays – Wired display are physically connected to the system via a

cable – Wireless displays connect using a wireless network

connection (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth) • High-definition displays

– Most common HD format is 1080p – Ultra HD (4K) uses about four times as many pixels as

1080p displays

Wireless Displays

Wearable and Touch Displays

• Wearable displays project images from a mobile device to a display screen – Smart glasses

• Touch and gesture capabilities – Kiosks – Portable gaming devices – Smartphones – Tablets

Flat Panel Display Technologies

• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) use charged liquid crystals between sheets of glass or plastic – Requires backlighting

• Light emitting diode (LED) displays use LCD panels and LED backlighting

• Organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays use layers of organic material – Emit visible light so do not require backlighting – More energy efficient – Are thinner and have a wider viewing angle – Incorporated into many digital cameras, smartphones, TVs, and

other consumer devices

Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays

Other Types of OLEDs

• FOLED (Flexible OLED) – OLED displays built on flexible surfaces such as plastic or

metallic foil • TOLED (Transparent OLED)

– Displays are transparent – Emit light toward top and bottom of display surface

• PHOLED (Phosphorescent OLED) – Process that results in much more conversion of electrical

energy into light instead of heat

Examples of Special Types of OLEDs

Inside the Industry

Wearable Holographic Displays • Project images on top of

what the person wearing the display is already seeing

• Microsoft HoloLens – Essentially a head-

mounted computer – Does not need to

connect to a smartphone or computer to function

Microsoft HoloLens

Electronic Paper (E-Paper) Displays

• Electronic paper (e-paper) displays use electronic ink (e-ink) – Used for e-readers and other

devices – Easier to read in direct sunlight – Content can change

wireless – Only uses power to

change images, not maintain an image

– Can be monochrome or color

Other Types of Flat Panel Displays

• Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) displays – Essentially a complex mirror

that uses external light to display images

– Designed initially for mobile phones and portable devices

– Images are bright and clear, even in sunlight

• Plasma displays use layers of gas between two plates of glass – Being replaced by LCDs

Data and Multimedia Projectors

• Data projectors (multimedia projectors) display output from a computer to a wall or projection screen – Found in classrooms and conference rooms – Can be wireless or integrated into devices – Some contain an iPod dock

• Pico projectors are pocket-size and connect to mobile and portable devices

• Keyboard projectors project virtual keyboards • 3D projectors can project images used with 3D glasses or

holograms

Examples of Data Projectors

Printers

• Printers produce hard copy – Impact printers (dot-matrix)

• Print mechanism strikes an inked ribbon to transfer ink to the paper

• Used to produce multipart forms – Non-impact printers (ink-jet/laser)

• Use liquid ink or toner • Produce higher quality images • Much quieter than impact printers

– Can be color or black-and-white printers

Examples of Dot-Matrix and Color Printers

Printer Characteristics

• Print resolution – Measured in dpi (dots per inch) or images per minute (IPM) – More dots per inch results in higher quality output – 300 dpi for general purpose printing; 1,200 dpi for

photographs; 2,400 dpi for professional applications • Print speed

– Measured in pages per minute (PPM) – Range from about 15 to 65 ppm

Printer Capabilities

• Personal vs. network printers – Personal printers connect directly to a single computer – Network printers connect directly to a home or an office

network; some can perform cloud printing • Connection options

– USB connection, wired network, Wi-Fi, Internet

• Multifunction devices (MFDs) or all-in-ones – Copy, fax, scan, print

Cloud Printing

Laser Printers

• Laser printers use toner powder and technology similar to that of a photocopier to produce images on paper

• The standard for business documents – Print one entire page at a time – Generally faster and have better quality output than ink-jet

printers • Use toner cartridges; toner is transferred to the paper

and fused with heat • Color printers use four toner cartridges

How Color Laser Printers Work

Ink-Jet Printers

• Ink-jet printers spray droplets of ink to produce images on paper – Use ink cartridges – Usually print in color – Often the choice for home use – Relatively inexpensive with good-quality output – Print more slowly than laser printers – Potential applications for the future

• Dispensing liquid metal, computer chips, “printing” human tissue, silk and protein ink, etc.

How Ink-Jet Printers Work

Special Purpose Printers

• Barcode printers (print a variety of barcodes)

• RFID printers (encode RFID tabs)

• Label printers (print labels and/or postage)

• Photo printers • Portable printers (used

while on the go or by service professionals)

Integrated and Large-Format Ink-Jet Printers

• Integrated printers (built into a smartphone, digital camera, etc.)

• Large-format ink-jet printers (print posters, maps, signs, blueprints, etc.) – Sometimes called

plotters – Print up to about 120

inches in width – Some print on fabric

3D Printers

• 3D printers form output in layers to build a 3D version of the desired output – Can print using plastic, metal,

ceramic, wood, glass, sugar, etc. – Additive manufacturing – Print customized objects on demand

• Personal products • Medical products • Prototypes or custom parts • Can contain moving parts

– Issues such as 3D-printed weapons © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 73

Audio Output

• Audio output includes voice, music, and other audible sounds – Common audio output devices

• Computer speakers • Headphones, headsets, and earbuds

Quick Quiz (3)

1. Which display devices takes up the largest amount of room on a desk? a. CRT monitor b. OLED display c. LCD display

2. True or False: Laser printers can only print in black and white. 3. 3D printers typically form output in layers with a process

known as __________ manufacturing.

Answers: 1) a; 2) False; 3) additive

Summary

• Keyboards • Pointing and Touch Devices • Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras • Audio Input • Display Devices • Printers • Audio Output

Chapter 4�Input and Output
Learning Objectives (1)
Learning Objectives (2)
Overview
Keyboards
A Typical Desktop Keyboard
Keyboards for Mobile Devices
Pointing Devices
Mice
Common Mice and Mouse Operations
Pens/Styluses
Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices
Digital Forms
Trend
Other Uses for Digital Pens
Examples of Digital Pens in Use
Touch Screens
Examples of Touch Screens
Other Pointing Devices
How It Works
Quick Quiz (1)
Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras
Scanners
Examples of Scanners
Scanning Quality and Resolution
Barcodes and Barcode Readers
Examples of Barcodes and Digital Watermark Icons
Examples of Barcode Readers
Radio Frequency ID (RFID)
Near Field Communications (NFC)
Examples of RFID and NFC Applications
Optical Mark Readers (OMR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
OMR Readers and Optical Characters
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR ) Readers
Technology and You
Biometric Readers
Digital Cameras
Examples of Digital Still Cameras
Digital Video Cameras
Audio Input
Example of a Speech Recognition System
Music Input Systems
Quick Quiz (2)
Display Devices
Examples of Display Devices
Display Device Characteristics
Size, Aspect Ratio, and Screen Resolution
Video Adapters, Interfaces, and Ports
Example of a Video Card
Wired, Wireless, and High-Definition Displays
Wireless Displays
Wearable and Touch Displays
Flat Panel Display Technologies
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays
Other Types of OLEDs
Examples of Special Types of OLEDs
Inside the Industry
Electronic Paper (E-Paper) Displays
Other Types of Flat Panel Displays
Data and Multimedia Projectors
Examples of Data Projectors
Printers
Examples of Dot-Matrix and Color Printers
Printer Characteristics
Printer Capabilities
Cloud Printing
Laser Printers
How Color Laser Printers Work
Ink-Jet Printers
How Ink-Jet Printers Work
Special Purpose Printers
Integrated and Large-Format Ink-Jet Printers
3D Printers
Audio Output
Quick Quiz (3)
Summary

Order a similar assignment, and have writers from our team of experts write it for you, guaranteeing you an A

Order a similar assignment, and have writers from our team of experts write it for you, guaranteeing you an A